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The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to domestic violence: Domestic violence – pattern of abusive behaviors by one or both partners in an intimate relationship, such as marriage, dating, family, or cohabitation. It is also known as domestic abuse, spousal abuse, battering, family violence, and intimate partner violence (IPV). == What ''type'' of thing is domestic violence? == Domestic violence can be described as all of the following: * Violence – use of physical force to apply a state to others contrary to their wishes〔(''Violence.'' ), Merriam-Webster Dictionary Retrieved January 8, 2009.〕〔(''Violence.'' ), Oxford English Dictionary Retrieved January 8, 2009.〕〔(''Violence.'' ), American Heritage Dictionary, Violence, Retrieved January 8, 2009.〕 and may include some combination of verbal, emotional, economic, physical and sexual abuse. * Control – Braiker〔Braiker, Harriet B. (2004) ''Who's Pulling Your Strings? How to Break The Cycle of Manipulation'' ISBN 0-07-144672-9.〕 identified the following ways that manipulators control their victims: * * Positive reinforcement: praise, superficial charm, superficial sympathy (crocodile tears), excessive apologizing; money, approval, gifts; attention, facial expressions such as a forced laugh or smile; public recognition. * * Negative reinforcement: removing one from a negative situation as a reward. For example: "You won't have to walk home if you allow me to do this to you." * * Intermittent or partial reinforcement: partial or intermittent negative reinforcement can create an effective climate of fear and doubt. Partial or intermittent positive reinforcement can encourage the victim to persist. * * Punishment: berating, yelling, refusing to speak to partner, intimidation, threats, swearing, emotional blackmail, the guilt trap, sulking, crying, and playing the victim. * * Traumatic one-trial learning: verbal abuse, explosive anger, or other intimidating behavior to establish dominance or superiority; even one incident of such behavior can condition or train victims to avoid upsetting, confronting or contradicting the manipulator. * Oppression – exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner.〔(''Oppression.'' ) Merriam Webster Online.〕 It can also be defined as an act or instance of oppressing, the state of being oppressed, and the feeling of being heavily burdened, mentally or physically, by troubles, adverse conditions, and anxiety. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Outline of domestic violence」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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